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Regarding A Rs and A ARs basal conditions generate a
2024-05-09
Regarding A1Rs and A2ARs, basal conditions generate a low tone of endogenous adenosine and cause A1R activation, in contrast to situations of increased adenosine where A2AR activation becomes dominant. When adenosine concentrations rise, e.g. during hypoxia, also time appears likely important in reg
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br Functional consequences of ADK regulation
2024-05-09
Functional consequences of ADK regulation on neuronal excitability Adenosine modulates neuronal excitability via activation of the high affinity A1 or A2A, low-affinity A2B, or low abundance A3 adenosine receptors that feed into a multitude of different neuronal and astrocytic pathways (Blum et a
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Epithelial mesenchymal transition EMT is the process
2024-05-09
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process by which epithelial cells are trans-differentiated into motile mesenchymal cells. During EMT, epithelial cells reorganize their cortical GLPG0634 cytoskeleton, lose their junctions and apical-basal polarity, change cell shape, and reprogram gen
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Osteoblasts have been thought to be the major cell type
2024-05-09
Osteoblasts have been thought to be the major cell type that expresses RANKL (Suda et al., 1999) which is a ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPG) and which functions as a key factor for osteoclast differentiation and activation. Recently, Nakashima and his colleagues (Nakashima et al., 2011) demonstrated
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We demonstrate a role for low oxygen to
2024-05-09
We demonstrate a role for low oxygen to regulate ATX mRNA in hepatocyte-derived HuH7 Epoxomicin and human liver slices, consistent with reports of increased ATX expression in a variety of tumours that are frequently hypoxic. Importantly, we show a positive association between elevated ATX mRNA leve
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As cytosolic acetyl CoA levels
2024-05-09
As cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels in hepatocytes descend, cellular production and concentration of cholesterol go down, a change that is known to be sensed by the Sterol response element binding protein (SREBP)/Cleavage-Activating Protein system, leading to SREBP escort to the Golgi apparatus, cleavage
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The distribution and subcellular localization differs betwee
2024-05-09
The distribution and subcellular localization differs between the subtypes of mGlu receptors. Most mGlu receptors are broadly expressed in the brain, except for mGlu6, which is restricted to the retina. Some mGlu receptors are additionally found in glial cells, such as mGlu3 and mGlu5 (Aronica et al
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Antioxidative enzymes such as SOD and CAT play prominent rol
2024-05-09
Antioxidative enzymes such as SOD and CAT play prominent roles in protecting against oxidative stress and extending food freshness due to their ability in scavenging active oxygen species for maintaining cell membrane integrity. Evidence shows that activities of SOD and CAT are positively affected b
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Although the earlier studies focused on
2024-05-09
Although the earlier studies focused on the antioxidant capacity of tocopherols, ascorbic tcY-NH2 mg and carotenoids, then it was noticed that phenolic compounds were more powerful than others (Rice-Evans, Miller, & Paganga, 1996). Phenolic compounds, the most numerous and ubiquitous groups of plan
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Immunohistochemistry in tissue samples showed the expression
2024-05-08
Immunohistochemistry in tissue samples showed the expression of several nuclear receptor co-activators, including NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA3, CREBBP, and EP300, in 85–100% of Z-DEVD-AFC tumors even some of which lacked AR expression (Boorjian et al., 2009). Knockdown of each co-activator also resulted in
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Treatment of RAW cells with AP exosomes
2024-05-08
Treatment of RAW264.7 YM201636 with AP(+)-exosomes caused an increase in their phagocytic activity. In the presence of amastatin, phagocytic activity was not completely suppressed, suggesting that at least two components were responsible for the activity; one of which is aminopeptidase(s). When the
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It remains to elucidate whether proteolytic activity
2024-05-08
It remains to elucidate whether proteolytic activity is the cause or the consequence of changing levels of peptidergic substrates. In fact, in some cases, the expression of the enzyme does not necessarily parallel with its activity [26], [55], [57] and other factors such as a definite biochemical en
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Cancer stem cells CSCs may have been first identified in
2024-05-08
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may have been first identified in teratocarcinomas [11], [12], with its initial clues date back to the 19th century [13]. Kleinsmith and Pierce [12] established the immortal pluripotent teratocarcinoma lines from a single transplanted multi-potent malignant cell, strongly su
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CORM-3 Gratifyingly compound also demonstrated improved phys
2024-05-08
Gratifyingly, compound also demonstrated improved physicochemical properties with significant improvement in aqueous solubility. Compound was sufficiently potent to determine its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD); data is summarized in . shows ADME characteristics for compound and as
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It was recently shown that AHR and
2024-05-08
It was recently shown that AHR and HIF-1α cooperate to support the metabolism of Tr1 nk1 antagonist [6]. Interestingly, AHR and HIF-1α act sequentially to orchestrate the metabolic remodeling of lymphocytes. While HIF-1α regulates the early metabolic reprogramming of Tr1 cells, AHR takes over at la
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